The design of a study includes the study type such as descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review and meta-analytic. Another aspect is about sub-type like descriptive-longitudinal case study, research questions, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design and the data collection methods if is applicable.
Empirical evidence is known as sense experience, which is the knowledge or source acquired by means of the senses, particularly by observation and experimentation. Empirical implies that the information is based on experience and the data is the information we gather about something. Thus, the information acquired by scientists through experimentation and observation is called "empirical data". To gather the empirical data is an essential part of the scientific process.
The scientific method involves observing a phenomenon in order to form an idea about what the researchers observed and tested the idea with an experiment to see if it is correct, recording the results of the experiment, which would be analyzed the results to arrive as a conclusion.
There are two types of method of analyzing the empirical data: qualitative and quantitative. On the one hand, qualitative data is the data that can be categorized based on qualities. This type of data involves descriptions and also be observed without measuring. On the other hand, quantitative data is a measurement to be represented by a numerical value.
In the first paper "Finding design qualities in a tangible programming space - Fernaeus & Tholander", the empirical data concludes that providing a methodological example of developing a tangible programming space in order to allow children aged from 6-12 to collaboratively create their own dynamic play-words to run on a computer screen. The system has been evaluated through workshop activities in an art gallery addressing how the physical resources were appropriated for developing a sense of a shared and focused activity, including the social play as well as construction of dynamic and interactive systems.
In the second paper "Differentiated Driving Range - Lundström", the empirical data includes an understanding of how driving range information is presented to drivers of electric cars today. In order to conduct a state-of-the-art analysis, the experiments is required to present most of the available electric cars on the home market in the country, including Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi iMiev, Volvo C30 Electic, Renault Kangoo Z.E, and Renault Twizy. The experiment is involved looking up available online information regarding the user interfaces in different car models, as given in online descriptions by companies.
In the second paper "Differentiated Driving Range - Lundström", the empirical data includes an understanding of how driving range information is presented to drivers of electric cars today. In order to conduct a state-of-the-art analysis, the experiments is required to present most of the available electric cars on the home market in the country, including Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi iMiev, Volvo C30 Electic, Renault Kangoo Z.E, and Renault Twizy. The experiment is involved looking up available online information regarding the user interfaces in different car models, as given in online descriptions by companies.
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